Tiếng Anh HSA: Thì Động Từ - Verb Tenses And The Sequence Of Tenses

1. VERB TENSES AND THE SEQUENCE OF TENSES

A. RULES

Thì	Cách dùng	Công thức	Từ nhận biết
1. Thì hiện tại đơn	diễn tả hành động thường xuyên xảy ra. diễn tả thói quen. diễn tả thời gian biểu, lịch trình, thông báo. diễn tả sự thật, chân lí. diễn tả nghề nghiệp, sở thích, nguồn gốc, bình phẩm.	S + V V(bare): I/ số nhiều V(s/es): số ít S + be am: I is: số ít are: số nhiều Thành lập phủ định và nghi vấn: * V (do/does): (-): S + do/does + not + V(bare) (?): Do/does + S + V (bare)? * Be (am/is/ are): (-): S + am/is/are + not + ... (?): Am/is/are + S + ...?	seldom/ rarely/ hardly sometimes/ occasionally often/ usually/ frequently always/ constantly ever never every
2. Thì quá khứ đơn	diễn tả hành động đã xảy ra và đã chấm dứt trong quá khứ, không còn liên quan tới hiện tại. diễn tả hành động xảy ra nối tiếp nhau trong quá khứ. diễn tả hồi ức, kỉ niệm.	S + V V-ed/V(cột 2) S + Be was: số ít were: số nhiều Thành lập phủ định và nghi vấn: * V(did): (-): S + did + not + V(bare) (?): Did + S + V(bare) + ? * Be (was/were): (-): S + was/were + not + ... (?): Was/were + S + ...?	ago last yesterday in + một mốc thời gian trong quá khứ (in 2000...)
3. Thì tương lai đơn	diễn tả những hành động sẽ xảy ra trong tương lai. diễn tả những dự đoán. diễn tả lời hứa.	S + will + V(bare) Thành lập phủ định và nghi vấn: (-): S + will + not + V(bare) (?): Will + S + V (bare)?	tomorrow next soon in + một khoảng thời gian (in an hour...)
4. Thì hiện tại tiếp diễn	diễn tả hành động đang xảy ra tại thời điểm nói. diễn tả hành động sẽ xảy ra trong tương lai (có kế hoạch từ trước). diễn tả sự thay đổi của thói quen. diễn tả sự ca thán, phàn nàn.	S + am/is/are + V-ing Thành lập phủ định và nghi vấn: (-): S + am/is/are + not + V-ing (?): Am/is/are + S + V-ing?	now at the moment at present right now look /hear (!)
5. Thì quá khứ tiếp diễn	diễn tả hành động đang xảy ra tại một thời điểm xác định trong quá khứ. diễn tả hành động đang xảy ra thì có hành động khác xen vào, hành động nào xảy ra trước chia thì quá khứ tiếp diễn, hành động nào xảy ra sau chia thì quá khứ đơn.	S + was/were + V-ing Thành lập phủ định và nghi vấn: (-): S + was/were + not + V-ing (?): Was/were + S + V-ing?	giờ + trạng từ quá khứ (at 3 pm yesterday...) at this/that time + trạng từ quá khứ (at this time last week....)
6. Thì tương lai tiếp diễn	diễn tả hành động đang diễn ra vào một thời điểm cụ thể trong tương lai. diễn tả hành động sẽ đang xảy ra trong tương lai thì có hành động khác xen vào, hành động nào xảy ra trước chia thì tương lai tiếp diễn, hành động nào xảy ra sau chia thì hiện tại đơn.	S + will + be + V-ing Thành lập phủ định và nghi vấn: (-): S + will + not + be + V-ing (?): Will + S + be + V-ing?	giờ + trạng từ tương lai (at 3 pm tomorrow...) at this/that time + trạng từ tương lai (at this time next week....)
7. Thì hiện tại hoàn thành	diễn tả hành động xảy ra trong quá khứ nhưng không rõ thời gian. diễn tả hành động lặp đi lặp lại nhiều lần trong quá khứ. diễn tả hành động xảy ra trong quá khứ nhưng để lại dấu hiệu hoặc hậu quả ở hiện tại. diễn tả những trải nghiệm. diễn tả những hành động xảy ra trong quá khứ nhưng kéo dài tới hiện tại và vẫn còn có khả năng sẽ tiếp diễn trong tương lai.	S + have/has + V(pp) (have: I / số nhiều; has: số ít) Thành lập phủ định và nghi vấn: (-): S + have/has + not + V(pp) (?): Have/Has + S + V(pp)?	for since ever never so far recently lately before (đứng cuối câu) up to now/ up to present/ until now yet just already
8. Thì quá khứ hoàn thành	diễn tả những hành động xảy ra và hoàn thành trước hành động khác trong quá khứ.	S + had + V(pp) Thành lập phủ định và nghi vấn: (-): S + had + not + V(pp) (?): Had + S + V(pp)?	before/by the time (trước chia quá khứ hoàn thành, sau chia quá khứ đơn). after (trước chia quá khứ đơn, sau chia quá khứ hoàn thành).
9. Thì tương lai hoàn thành	diễn tả hành động sẽ được hoàn thành trước khi một hành động khác xảy đến.	S + will + have + V(pp) Thành lập phủ định và nghi vấn: (-): S + will + not + have + V(pp) (?): Will + S + have + V(pp)?
10. Thì hiện tại hoàn thành tiếp diễn	nhấn mạnh khoảng thời gian của một hành động đã xảy ra trong quá khứ và tiếp tục tới hiện tại (có thể tiếp diễn trong tương lai).	S + have/has + been + V-ing Thành lập phủ định và nghi vấn: (-): S + have/has + not + been + V-ing (?): Have/has + S + been + V-ing?	all day/week.... almost every day this week... in the past year...
11. Thì quá khứ hoàn thành tiếp diễn	nhấn mạnh khoảng thời gian của một hành động đã xảy ra trong quá khứ và kết thúc trước một hành động quá khứ khác.	S + had + been + V-ing Thành lập phủ định và nghi vấn: (-): S + had + not + been + V-ing (?): Had + S + been + V-ing?	until then prior to that time
12. Thì tương lai hoàn thành tiếp diễn	nhấn mạnh khoảng thời gian của một hành động sẽ đang xảy ra trong tương lai và kết thúc trước một hành động tương lai khác.	S + will + have + been + V-ing Thành lập phủ định và nghi vấn: (-): S + will + not + have + been + V-ing (?): Will + S + have + been + V-ing?

SỰ PHỐI THÌ

WHEN

diễn tả hành động xảy ra nối tiếp nhau

Trong QUÁ KHỨ: WHEN + S + V (quá khứ đơn), S + V (quá khứ đơn)

Eg: When he saw me, he smiled at me.

Trong TƯƠNG LAI: WHEN + S + V (hiện tại đơn), S + V (tương lai đơn)

Eg: When I see him, I will remind him to call you.

diễn tả một hành động đang xảy ra thì có hành động khác xen vào

Trong QUÁ KHỨ: WHEN + S + V (quá khứ đơn), S + V (quá khứ tiếp diễn)

Eg: When I came to see her, she was cooking dinner.

Trong TƯƠNG LAI: WHEN + S + V (hiện tại đơn), S + V (tương lai tiếp diễn)

Eg: When you come in, your boss will be waiting for you there.

diễn tả một hành động xảy ra xong trước một hành động khác

Trong QUÁ KHỨ: WHEN + S + V (quá khứ đơn), S + V (quá khứ hoàn thành)

Eg: When I arrived at the airport, the plane had taken off.

Trong TƯƠNG LAI: WHEN + S + V (hiện tại đơn), S + V (tương lai hoàn thành)

Eg: When you return to the town, they will have finished building a new bridge.

AS SOON AS (ngay khi)

diễn tả hành động xảy ra nối tiếp nhau

Trong QUÁ KHỨ: AS SOON AS + S + V (quá khứ đơn), S + V (quá khứ đơn)

Eg: As soon as she saw a mouse, she shouted and ran away.

Trong TƯƠNG LAI: AS SOON AS + S + V (hiện tại đơn/hiện tại hoàn thành), S + V (tương lai đơn)

Eg: I will call you as soon as I have finished / finish the work.

SINCE (từ khi)

diễn tả nghĩa “từ khi”

S + V (hiện tại hoàn thành) + SINCE + V (quá khứ đơn)

Eg: We have known each other since we were at high school.

BY + TIME (tính đến)

diễn tả hành động kết thúc tính đến một điểm nào đó trong quá khứ/tương lai

Trong QUÁ KHỨ: BY + trạng từ của quá khứ + S + V (quá khứ hoàn thành)

Eg: By last month, we had worked for the company for 9 years.

Trong TƯƠNG LAI: BY + trạng từ của tương lai + S + V (tương lai hoàn thành)

Eg: By next month, we will have worked for the company for 9 years.

AT THIS/THAT TIME

diễn tả hành động đang xảy ra tại một thời điểm xác định trong quá khứ/tương lai

Trong QUÁ KHỨ: AT THIS/THAT TIME + trạng từ của quá khứ + S + V (quá khứ tiếp diễn)

Eg: At this time last week, we were preparing for Tet.

Trong TƯƠNG LAI: AT THIS/THAT TIME + trạng từ của tương lai + S + V (tương lai tiếp diễn)

Eg: At this time next week, we will be having a big party in the garden.

BY THE TIME (vào lúc)

diễn tả nghĩa “vào lúc”

Trong QUÁ KHỨ: BY THE TIME + S + V (quá khứ đơn), S + V (quá khứ hoàn thành)

Eg: By the time she got home, everyone had gone to bed.

Trong TƯƠNG LAI: BY THE TIME + S + V (hiện tại đơn), S + V (tương lai hoàn thành)

Eg: By the time she gets home, everyone will have gone to bed.

AFTER

diễn tả hành động xảy ra xong rồi mới tới hành động khác

Trong QUÁ KHỨ: AFTER + S + V (quá khứ hoàn thành), S + V (quá khứ đơn)

Eg: After she had done her homework, she went out for a walk.

Trong TƯƠNG LAI: AFTER + S + V (hiện tại hoàn thành), S + V (hiện tại đơn)

Eg: After she has done her homework, she goes out for a walk.

BEFORE

diễn tả hành động xảy ra xong trước khi có hành động khác tới

Trong QUÁ KHỨ: BEFORE + S + V (quá khứ đơn), S + V (quá khứ hoàn thành)

Eg: Before she went to bed, she had locked all the doors.

Trong TƯƠNG LAI: BEFORE + S + V (hiện tại đơn), S + V (tương lai hoàn thành)

Eg: Hurry up or the film will have ended before we go to the movie.

UNTIL/TILL

diễn tả nghĩa “cho tới khi”

S + V (tương lai đơn)/ V(bare)/DON'T + V(bare) + UNTIL/TILL + S + V (hiện tại đơn/hiện tại hoàn thành)

Eg: I will wait for you until it is possible.

Wait here until I come back.

B. PRACTICE EXERCISES

Exercise 1: Choose the best word or phrase to complete in the following questions.

Question 1: We can go out now. It ________ anymore.

A. isn't raining

B. rains

C. has rained

D. has been raining

Question 2: What ________ in your spare time? Do you have any hobbies?

A. have you done

B. are you doing

C. do you do

D. have you been doing

Question 3: Mary usually ________ me on Fridays, but she didn't call last Friday.

A. have been calling

B. calls

C. is calling

D. have called

Question 4: I ________ hungry. Let's have something to eat.

A. am feeling

B. have felt

C. feel

D. have been feeling

Question 5: What is that noise? What ________?

A. have been happening

B. is happening

C. have happened

D. had happened

Question 6: It's usually dry here at this time of the year. It ________ much.

A. isn't raining

B. hasn't rained

C. hasn't been raining

D. doesn't rain

Question 7: Look! That man over there ________ the same sweater as you.

A. has worn

B. is wearing

C. wears

D. have been wearing

Question 8: I wonder why Jim ________ so nice to me today. He isn't usually like that.

A. is being

B. have been

C. is

D. have being

Question 9: Mary wasn't happy with her new job at first, but she ________ to like it now.

A. begins

B. have begun

C. is beginning

D. have been beginning

Question 10: This is a nice restaurant, isn't it? Is this the first time you ________ here?

A. are

B. have been

C. are being

D. have being

Question 11: I need a new job. I ________ the same job for too long.

A. are doing

B. have done

C. have been doing

D. do

Question 12: “You look tired”. “Yes, I ________ basketball".

A. plays

B. is playing

C. have played

D. have been playing

Question 13: I would like to see Tina again. It's been a long time ________.

A. that I didn't see her

B. for I didn't see her

C. since I saw her

D. until I saw her

Question 14: Bod and Alice have been married ________.

A. that 20 years

B. since 20 years

C. when 20 years

D. for 20 years

Question 15: - I am looking for Paul. You ________ him? - Yes, he was here a minute ago.

A. Have - seen

B. Did - see

C. Do - see

D. Is - seeing

Question 16: Unless she ________ extra, she will not complete the work.

A. is paying

B. have been paying

C. pays

D. is paid

Question 17: The house at the end of the street which ________ empty for years has been sold.

A. is

B. have been

C. is being

D. has been

Question 18: All right, you'll try to fix the television! But I ________ you know what you're doing.

A. hope

B. have hoped

C. is hoping

D. have been hoping

Question 19: Who ________ at the door?

A. knock

B. is knocking

C. have been knocking

D. have knocked

Question 20: How long ________ it ________ you to get to the library?

A. does - take

B. have - taken

C. is - taking

D. have - been taking

Question 21: Many girls want to go to the pub while only a minority ________ to watch TV at home now.

A. is wanting

B. want

C. will want

D. wants

Question 22: They've faxed me I should stay till they ________ a replacement. Well, last time it took two weeks.

A. found

B. will find

C. find

D. had found

Question 23: Let's have some tea. It ________ chilly.

A. gets

B. is getting

C. have gotten

D. have been getting

Question 24: Don't talk to him while he ________.

A. have been reading

B. reads

C. is reading

D. have read

Question 25: Ann wants to see you. You ________ here for ages!

A. have been

B. are

C. had been

D. are being

Question 26: - Your house is very beautiful. How long ________ you ________ here? - Nearly ten years.

A. did - live

B. have - been living

C. do - live

D. is - living

Question 27: I ________ to the movies for ages. We used to go a lot.

A. haven't gone

B. didn't go

C. isn't going

D. hadn't gone

Question 28: Why are you putting on your coat? You ________ out?

A. Do - go

B. Have - gone

C. Had - gone

D. Are - going

Question 29: Look! That plane ________ toward the airport. It is going to land.

A. flies

B. have flown

C. is flying

D. will fly

Question 30: Ann is very tired. She ________ tennis for three hours.

A. is playing

B. will play

C. plays

D. has been playing

Question 31: He works in a bank, but he ________ it very much.

A. doesn't enjoy

B. haven't enjoyed

C. didn't enjoy

D. hadn't enjoyed

Question 32: I ________ well lately. Maybe I should go to the doctor.

A. didn't feel

B. won't feel

C. haven't been feeling

D. am not feeling

Question 33: I ________ my homework for two hours, but I ________ yet.

A. have done - haven't finished

B. is doing - isn't finishing

C. will do - will not finish

D. have been doing - haven't finished

Question 34: Let's take our travel chess set in case we ________ bored on the train.

A. get

B. are getting

C. got

D. have got

Question 35: We ________ get in touch with our customers by post.

A. recently

B. hardly

C. lately

D. latterly

Question 36: We have been married ________.

A. over twenty years

B. over twenty years ago

C. for over twenty years

D. since over twenty years

Question 37: Melanie ________ her hand. It's bleeding heavily.

A. has cut

B. is cutting

C. cut

D. cuts

Question 38: “When will Mary be able to leave hospital?” - “Don't be so impatient. We cannot release her before we ________ the last test."

A. have completed

B. will have completed

C. will complete

D. completed

Question 39: The Amazon River ________ into the Atlantic Ocean.

A. flows

B. has flowed

C. is flowing

D. will flow

Question 40: My parents live in ________ London. They ________ there ________ all their lives.

A. are living

B. had lived

C. have lived

D. will live

Question 41: Where have you been? I ________ for you for the last half hour.

A. am looking

B. have been looking

C. will be looking

D. look

Question 42: My brother is an actor. He ________ in several movies.

A. appeared

B. had appeared

C. has appeared

D. appears

Question 43: Please don't bother him now. He ________.

A. is working

B. has been working

C. had been working

D. was working

Question 44: I ________ an interesting book at the moment. I will lend it to you when I ________ it.

A. am reading - have finished

B. read - am finishing

C. have read - am finishing

D. read - will finish

Question 45: Ha never ________ fishing in the winter but she always ________ it in the summer.

A. goes - does

B. has gone - done

C. go - do

D. was gone - done

Question 46: We can win only if we remain united, so we must support them the moment they ________ on strike.

A. will have gone

B. will go

C. go

D. went

Question 47: I am sorry. I ________ that fellow's name already.

A. forgot

B. have forgotten

C. have been forgetting

D. forget

Question 48: It usually ________ very much in that part of the United States.

A. is raining

B. rained

C. rains

D. have rained

Question 49: Look! A man ________ after the train. He wants to catch it.

A. runs

B. have been running

C. will run

D. is running

Exercise 2: Mark the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.

Question 1: Hoang ________ his email four times a week in order not to miss anything important.

A. checks

B. will check

C. is checking

D. check

Question 2: Nowadays, people ________ social networks with more and more caution.

A. uses

B. are using

C. used

D. use

Question 3: At the moment, my sister ________ her homework, my brother ________ games.

A. is making - is playing

B. is doing - is playing

C. does - plays

D. makes - is playing

Question 4: It's 7.00 p.m. now and we ________ meal together. We usually ________ dinner at that time.

A. have - eat

B. have - are eating

C. are having - eat

D. are having - are eating

Question 5: I ________ a bike to school every day but today I ________ to school by bus because it was stolen yesterday.

A. rode - went

B. ride - am going

C. ride - go

D. is riding - am going

Question 6: That Hoa ________ in class affects other students around.

A. always talk

B. is always talking

C. always talks

D. always talking

Question 7: Hoang and Phong ________ football as they're having class now.

A. don't play

B. are playing

C. doesn't play

D. aren't playing

Question 8: Hoa usually ________ charge of doing the washing-up in her family.

A. takes

B. is taking

C. take

D. will take

Question 9: Our friends ________ for the fashion show now.

A. is preparing

B. are preparing

C. prepares

D. prepare

Question 10: All staff in this restaurant ________ an urgent meeting right now.

A. are attending

B. is attending

C. attends

D. attend

Question 11: After the physics lesson, the children know that water ________ at 100 Degrees C.

A. will boil

B. is boiling

C. boils

D. boil

Question 12: My mom ________ to the supermarket every Sunday for shopping.

A. goes

B. go

C. is going

D. are going

Question 13: Look! Minh ________ on stage. She looks so beautiful.

A. sings

B. are singing

C. is singing

D. sang

Question 14: Bich sometimes ________ chicken noodle soup for breakfast.

A. are having

B. is having

C. have

D. has

Question 15: Who ________ the guitar in that room, Hoa?

A. playing

B. is playing

C. play

D. plays

Question 16: Jenny often ________ jeans and T-shirt at school but she ________ a gorgeous dress today.

A. wears - is wearing

B. is wearing - wears

C. wear - is wearing

D. wears - wears

Question 17: First thing in the morning, I ________ a cup of milk tea.

A. has

B. am having

C. have

D. will have

Question 18: Ms. Kim ________ very well when she's under pressure.

A. not work

B. don't work

C. isn't working

D. doesn't work

Question 19: I'm sorry. Lan is busy now. She ________ her document on the second floor.

A. are checking

B. check

C. checks

D. is checking

Question 20: Hurry up, Linh. Other friends ________ for us.

A. are waiting

B. waits

C. wait

D. is waiting

Question 21: My clothes are not in the room. They ________ them away.

A. take

B. have taken

C. took

D. are taking

Question 22: She ________ for 10 hours! You must wake her up.

A. sleeps

B. is sleeping

C. has been sleeping

D. slept

Question 23: David ________ the TV set at the moment. He ________ at it for one hour or so.

A. is repairing/ has worked

B. repairs/has been working

C. has repaired/has been working

D. repairs/worked

Question 24: David ________ his hands. He just ________ the TV set.

A. washes/has just repaired

B. is washing/has just been repairing

C. is washing/ has just repaired

D. has washed/ has just repaired

Question 25: Why ________ you his anecdotes?

A. are you laughing/has Jim told

B. are you laughing/has Jim been telling

C. have you laughed/ has Jim told

D. have you laughed/ has Jim been telling

Exercise 3: Choose the best word or phrase to complete in the following questions.

Question 1: She passed her examination because she ________ very hard.

A. studied

B. was studying

C. had been studying

D. studies

Question 2: You ________ out last night or were you tired?

A. Did - went

B. Had - gone

C. Did - go

D. Had - been going

Question 3: This time yesterday I ________ tennis with my classmates.

A. played

B. was playing

C. had played

D. would play

Question 4: Nicole ________ television a lot when she ________ sick last year.

A. watched - was

B. had watched - had been

C. was watching - was

D. had been watching - was

Question 5: Mary ________ home when she met Dave.

A. came

B. had come

C. had been coming

D. was coming

Question 6: The doorbell ________ while I ________ a shower.

A. was ringing - took

B. rang - was taking

C. had rung - took

D. had been ringing - took

Question 7: When I was young, I ________ to be a pilot.

A. wanted

B. had wanted

C. would want

D. wants

Question 8: The war ________ out three years ago.

A. was breaking

B. had broken

C. broke

D. have been breaking

Question 9: When he was young, he ________ in the army.

A. had been serving

B. serves

C. have served

D. served

Question 10: She often goes to school by bike but yesterday she ________ by bus.

A. travelled

B. have been travelling

C. had travelled

D. travels

Question 11: He ________ a cup of coffee every morning many years ago.

A. have been drinking

B. drank

C. had drunk

D. was drinking

Question 12: Yesterday she ________ to pay me for my helping her but I didn't accept.

A. will offer

B. was offering

C. had offered

D. offered

Question 13: There ________ a lot of grass in the garden last summer.

A. had been

B. were

C. have been

D. will be

Question 14: It's time we ________ something to help him.

A. will do

B. had done

C. did

D. was doing

Question 15: Mr Brown ________ in Paris when the Second World War broke out.

A. lived

B. was living

C. had lived

D. will live

Question 16: I and my mom ________ comic at this time last night.

A. read

B. had been reading

C. have read

D. were reading

Question 17: At 10.pm last night, my younger brother ________ games online.

A. had been playing

B. was playing

C. will be playing

D. have been playing

Question 18: People ________ all trees along the streets at this time two years ago.

A. are planting

B. will have been planting

C. were planting

D. will be planting

Question 19: She ________ her homework at this time yesterday morning?

A. Was-doing

B. Had - been doing

C. Do-do

D. Will - be doing

Question 20: They ________ dinner when we ________.

A. had - was coming

B. had had - came

C. come - will be coming

D. were having - came

Question 21: At 8.am yesterday they ________ dinner while we ________ TV.

A. will be having - will be watching

B. were having - were watching

C. are having - are watching

D. will have had - will have watched

Question 22: When I went out, the sun ________.

A. will be shining

B. is shining

C. was shining

D. had been shining

Question 23: We ________ to the station when it ________ to rain.

A. were walking - began

B. had been walking - began

C. have been walking - begins

D. will be walking - begin

Question 24: The servant dropped two cups while she ________ up last night.

A. is washing

B. had been washing

C. have been washing

D. was washing

Question 25: Almost everybody ________ by the time we arrived.

A. have been leaving

B. had left

C. was leaving

D. have left

Question 26: The secretary ________ until she ________ her work.

A. hadn't left - finish

B. don't leave - had finished

C. didn't leave - had finished

D. wasn't leaving - finished

Question 27: The teacher asked the boy why he ________ his homework.

A. have done

B. did

C. have been doing

D. hadn't done

Question 28: She ________ the letter when she ________ she ________ it to the wrong address.

A. posted - had realized - sent

B. had posted - realized - had sent

C. was posting - realized - had sent

D. have posted - had realized - had sent

Question 29: Hardly ________ a mile when it had a flat tyre.

A. had the car gone

B. did the car go

C. had the car go

D. do the car go

Question 30: The weather ________ far worse than we ________.

A. is - have expected

B. was - was expected

C. was - have been expecting

D. was - had expected

Question 31: They ________ for five years when they finally had a child.

A. will have been married

B. had been married

C. have married

D. will be marrying

Question 32: When she ________ her work, she ________ to the cinema.

A. finished - had gone

B. was finishing - had been going

C. had finished - went

D. had been finishing - was going

Question 33: At the time of our first meeting there was a considerable difference between me and him; he ________ articles in magazines for over five years while I was practically unknown.

A. had been publishing

B. was publishing

C. has been publishing

D. published